Your home should be your castle and your retreat — the one place you feel safest and most comfortable. But if you've been feeling off for a while and can't figure out why, your home may be the culprit — or more specifically, the toxic mold that may be growing in your home. Mold is much more than a cosmetic issue, and according to mold remediation specialist Michael Rubino, toxic mold spores, if inhaled, can contribute to serious ailments ranging from brain fog to migraines to hormone and fertility issues. While mold infestations can erupt at any time of year, summer storms and humidity can be exacerbating factors.

Initially trained in construction and disaster restoration, Rubino has built a unique career bridging the gap between home maintenance and health advocacy. His restoration company, HomeCleanse, coordinates with medical professionals to offer specialized mold remediation services designed not only to remove mold and bacteria but also to ensure safe and healthy indoor air quality.

In addition, Rubino recently launched the Change the Air Foundation, an advocacy organization to build awareness about the impact of water damage and mold on indoor air quality and health and support those impacted by household mold. In an exclusive email interview, Rubino talked to us about his professional journey and the steps you can take to keep your home safe and healthy.

Most people think of household mold as just ugly and smelly. What makes it more dangerous than that?

Mold is considered an indoor contaminant for a few reasons. As a colony grows, it releases microscopic particles called spores into the surrounding environment. Measured in microns, these spores are small enough that they can be inhaled, absorbed, and ingested into the body.

The longer a colony grows in a home, the more spores will build up in that area, lowering the indoor air quality and covering surfaces within the home. This results in an increasing number of foreign particles entering the bodies of anyone spending time in the building. Their immune system will work to continually get rid of them, but it can get overwhelmed and/or malfunction, leading to health issues. Not to mention, indoor mold growth also increases the chances of another colony developing elsewhere due to the high number of spores in the space, further contaminating the space.

Some species of mold can also create microscopic toxins called mycotoxins when threatened. These particles are naturally toxic to the human body and can also cause a wide range of chronic health issues. Interestingly, the FDA regulates levels of mycotoxins in our food products, but there are no regulations for our indoor spaces.

How did you become interested in indoor air quality and mold remediation, and why did this issue resonate with you?

I'm from New Jersey originally, and my father was in the fire restoration industry. I started working for his company, and since fires are put out with water, I began to see a high number of homes with mold contamination while working on projects. That being said, the major tipping point that started me down the path of indoor air quality and mold remediation was Hurricane Sandy. The storm decimated the Northeast, leading to a high number of flooded homes.

As we helped these individuals, I witnessed the enormous impact these water-damaged homes had on the health of those who were living inside of them. That's where my passion for this issue began as more and more lives were torn apart by toxic indoor environments. I also began to notice how insurance companies handled the situations due to their lack of education and awareness, which meant many of these people weren't able to properly handle the situations in their homes. That ultimately led to their feeling increasingly unwell the longer they remained in the toxic space.

Another piece of the puzzle I realized is that anyone coming to us for help after the hurricane often already had remediation done to resolve the issues, but they were still feeling sick. That was the "ah-ha moment" that led to me recognize that the normal way of completing a remediation project wasn't working. You can't just slap a cosmetic band-aid on an indoor contamination issue — the growth will grow back or toxic particles will continue to exist in the space. Essentially, there was no standard for the industry, which was triggering all of these systemic and chronic issues.

This led me down the rabbit hole of diving into science and understanding more about these indoor contaminants. I was dedicated to figuring out how to properly remove them so that families could move back into their homes and live healthier lives. Eventually, I put all of the pieces together and created a protocol that can effectively eliminate contamination (including bacteria and mycotoxins) and resolve the issue that led to the problem in the first place. This process is what HomeCleanse is founded on and how we help create healthy home environments for our clients.

What are some of the health problems caused by household mold?

The tricky thing about mold is that no two people respond to exposure the same way. One person could only experience lower energy levels, while another has over 30 symptoms or develops an autoimmune condition. A lack of research dedicated to this topic, on top of the lack of awareness, also makes it harder to pinpoint if exposure to these contaminants is the problem.

That being said, a few common symptoms I've seen my clients suffer from include:

One of the main things to keep in mind is that any symptom experienced will be chronic because they're living inside of the problem. As long as the exposure continues, those particles will keep building up in the body and trigger those adverse reactions.

We're also noticing that many autoimmune conditions are triggered or work in tandem with mold exposure as the immune system is compromised. A few include Lyme disease, Hashimoto's, mast cell activation syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome.

How can you tell if your medical condition was caused by mold or by something else?

A qualified medical professional who is familiar with mold will be able to run a series of tests that can help alert them to environmental exposure as the root cause of the problem or part of the issue. This often includes blood work, mycotoxin testing, visual contrast sensitivity, and genetics. Keep in mind that not all medical professionals are aware of mold's ability to impact the body and how to treat it. It's important to find someone who is experienced in helping detox the body after these exposures.

What can people do to prevent the growth of mold in their homes?

The primary goals of mold prevention are to reduce moisture in the home and actively work to remove as many spores as possible that have made their way inside. Thanks to modern building practices pushing for net-zero energy efficiency, there's very little airflow between indoor and outdoor environments, so it's up to us to forcibly remove any particulate matter that gets inside so that it does not continue to build up.

A few ways to prevent mold include:

What can people do to remediate mold issues in their homes, and what should they look for in a remediation contractor?

If they want to remediate mold in their home, they need to have the right tools and procedures in place to resolve the problem effectively, eliminate the existing contaminants, and limit cross-contamination. Keep in mind that mold grows roots called hyphae, so it can be difficult to remove from porous and semi-porous surfaces. The small size of spores and mycotoxins also allows them to reach deep within the fibers of the surface, making them difficult to remove.

Proper remediation should always hit three main boxes:

For someone looking to remediate small problems, here's what they need to know.

Steps to remediate depend on the surface or item being decontaminated.

The three surface types include:

For porous surfaces, HEPA vacuum the item thoroughly. Throw any machine-washable items in with a laundry additive like EC3 to remove any small particles that are within the fibers. For items that are not machine-washable, a botanical cleaner like EC3 can also help remove tiny particles like bacteria and mold spores. They can lightly spray a botanical cleaner on non-machine washable items and wipe with a microfiber towel — just make sure the surface dries quickly. That being said, the absolute best option for these items/surfaces is to remove and replace them.

For semi-porous surfaces, use the same process as for non-porous surfaces. Some surfaces, like wood, will need abrasive treatments to remove all of the contamination and then need to be sealed when finished.

When looking for a remediation company for larger problems, the number one goal is to make sure that they understand how important it is to establish a healthy environment for you and your family. From there, their protocol should tick each of the boxes mentioned above for proper remediation so that the mold doesn't grow right back and the contamination is actually removed from the home. They should guarantee that they can bring your space back to a normal ecology in the areas that were found to be elevated and also have plans in place to limit cross-contamination to other areas of the home.

What else can people do to ensure safe air quality inside their homes?

For more information on keeping your home's air quality safe, visit HomeCleanse and the Change the Air Foundation.

This interview was edited for clarity.